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Les
grandes lignes de l'histoire turque An outline of Turkish History Les
Turcs et les premiers Etats turcs Les Turcs
sont une communauté réunie autour d'une langue de la famille
ouralo-altaïque. Ils apparaissent pour la première fois sur la scène
historique au 7ème siècle av. J.-C. au pied des montagnes Köðmen.
Selon les sources écrites chinoises, la
présence politique turque en Asie est attestée pour la première fois au
3ème siècle av. J.-C. avec les Huns, qui fondent un grand empire sous
la direction de Mete Khan. Ils combattent les Mongols et les Yue-Chi,
et s'emparent des portes occidentales et des routes commerciales de la
Chine. L'empire des Göktürk est fondé en l'an
552 sur les flancs orientaux des montagnes de l'Altaï après la
désintégration de l'Etat Hun d'Asie. Les Göktürk utilisent pour la
première fois le mot "turc" dans le nom d'un Etat officiel. Bilge Khan
et Kül Teghin, les plus sages et les plus héroïques des hommes d'Etat
turcs, prennent leur place dans l'histoire. Les actes des deux Khans,
ainsi que ceux de Tonyukuk, un autre Khan Göktürk, sont relatés et
immortalisés dans les "Inscriptions d'Orkhon", qui sont les premiers
textes écrits de l'histoire turque. En 741, les
Ouïgours fondent le 3ème Etat turc, après les Göktürk. Toutefois, il se
désagrège rapidement à la suite de l'attaque des Turcs kirghizes, venus
du Nord-Ouest contre la capitale. Vivant dans
les régions du lac Aral et du Turkestan, les Huns de l'Ouest,
descendants des Huns d'Asie, quittent leur patrie sous les pressions
des Avars et s'installent sur les rives occidentales de la Volga. La
victoire de leur chef Balamir sur les Goths de l'Est
est suivie d'une campagne contre les Goths de l'Ouest. Ces
développements obligent les Wisigoths à un exode massif vers l'Ouest,
poursuivis par les soldats Huns. C'est ainsi que commencent "les
migrations historiques des tribus" qui modifient la structure ethnique
de l'Europe, qui bouleversent les provinces nordiques de l'empire
romain et qui s'étendent jusqu'en Espagne. Le
premier Etat turc créé dans cette partie du monde est l'empire Hun
d'Occident. Sous le règne d'Atilla, qui accède au pouvoir en 434 et qui
oblige toutes les tribus barbares d'Europe, Byzance et l'empire romain
d'Occident à reconnaître son pouvoir, les territoires de l'empire Hun
recouvrent une vaste étendue qui s'étend des bords du Rhin jusqu'à la
Volga. Les Huns d'Occident ouvrent la voie de
l'Europe aux Turcs. Ils ne se contentent pas d'importer la culture et
les civilisations turques en Europe, ils protègent également les
civilisations européennes menacées par les tribus barbares, et mettent
à la disposition des tribus turques la route qui s'étend d'Asie en
Europe et qui sert aux migrations turques pendant 900 ans.La seconde
tribu turque qui s'impose en Europe est celles des Avars, qui se
déplacent vers l'Occident à la suite de la proclamation de l'Etat
Göktürk en 552. Ils s'installent d'abord dans le Caucase, puis sur les
rives de la mer Noire du 3 Nord. Ils poursuivent leur progression vers
l'Occident, combattant les Sabirs et les On-ouïgours. Ils s'installent
finalement sur les rives du Danube et procèdent à des invasions
fréquentes dans les Balkans. Ils imposent leur souveraineté dans une
vaste région, s'étendant de l'ex- Yougoslavie à
l'Allemagne. Ils placent sous leur domination les Slaves du bassin du
Danube et les Bulgares des rives de la mer Noire. Les Avars assi-ègent
Constantinople en 626 avec les Turcs bulgares. Ils sont les premiers
Turcs de l'histoire à se présenter sous les murailles de
Constantinople. Après les Avars, ce sont les
Khazars qui font leur apparition en Europe. Entre les 7ème et 10ème
siècles, ils créent un Etat puissant qui s'étend du Dniepr à la Volga,
en passant par Tcholman et Kiev. Les Khazars font preuve d'une grande
tolérance vis-à-vis des différentes communautés religieuses qui vivent
sur les territoires qu'ils dominent. Ils parlent généralement turc et
leur plus grande fonction dans l'histoire est de donner leur nom à la
mer Caspienne. Les Khazars cessent d'exister politiquement en 968.
La présence turque en Europe se poursuit avec les Petchénègues à partir du 10ème siècle. Ne pouvant résister plus longtemps aux pressions de l'alliance des Khazars Ouïgours, ils traversent la Volga et atteignent la Hongrie. Ils chassent les Hongrois et s'emparent de leurs territoires en 880, se propageant dans les steppes du fleuve Don à l'Ouest de la Volga. En 1091, les Petchénègues s'allient avec Çaka Bey, l'émir d'Ýzmir, pour conquérir Constantinople. Toutefois, ils subissent la défaite la plus écrasante de leur histoire face aux forces alliées de Byzance et de Couman dans une bataille sanglante qui se déroule dans les environs de Maritza. Cette défaite met fin à la vie politique des Petchénègues. La première étape de l'aventure turque en Europe, qui dure depuis 700 ans, s'achève ainsi avec leur retrait de la scène historique. Les Turcs disparaissent de l'Europe pour une période de 200 ans. L'histoire turque de la période islamique L'Etat ouïgour se désintègre en 840. Cet événement est suivi de la fondation de l'Etat des Karakhanides, qui se convertissent à l'islam sous le règne de Satuk Bughra Khan, jetant ainsi les bases des développements historiques que l'on appelle la culture et la civilisation turco-islamiques. Parallèlement à l'existence de l'Etat des Karakhanides, un second Etat est fondé sous le nom des "Ghaznévide The Turks and the First Turkish States The Turks are a national community merged under a language belonging to the Ural-Altaic linguistic group. They first stepped on the stage of history in the 7th century B.C. at the foot of the Köðmen Mountains. According to Chinese records, the political existence of the Turks in Asia commenced with the Huns (Xiongnu) in the 3rd century B.C. The Huns established a great empire under the reign of Mete Khan. Defeating the Mongols and the Yue-chis, they established control over the western gates of China and trade routes. After the collapse of the Asian Hun Empire, the Göktürk Empire was founded at the eastern foot of the Altai Mountains. The Göktürks employed the word "Türk" as an official state name for the first time. Bilge Khagan and Kül Tegin went down in history as the most sagacious and heroic figures of Turkish statesmanship. Both these khans and another Göktürk Khan, Tonyukuk, immortalized their accomplishments in texts, entitled the "Orkhun Inscriptions" and which are regarded as the first written documents in Turkish history. In 741, the Uygurs founded the third Turkish State in history after the Göktürks. However, they were dispersed as a result of a raid carried out by the Kyrgyz Turks in the capital.
The West Huns, the descendants of the Asian Huns dwelling in the Türkistan region close by Lake Aral, left their homeland due to the pressure from the Uars and migrated to the west of the Volga River. After Baþbuð (big chief) Balamir demolished the East Goths and launched assaults on the West Goths, the Visigoths fled westward in masses, with the Hun soldiers in pursuit. This is how the "Great Migration of Peoples" which changed the ethnic outlook of Europe had commenced, extending all the way to Spain and causing turmoil in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire. In 434, Attila took control of the West Hun Empire, known as the first Turkish state established in Europe. During Attila's reign, which put all of the barbarian tribes in Europe and even the Byzantine and West Roman empires into submission, the borders of the West Hun Empire extended over a vast area from the banks of the Rhine River to the Volga River. The West Huns paved the way to Europe for the Turks. The West Huns not only brought their culture and civilization to Europe but also protected the civilizations threatened by barbarian tribes. They put the route from Asia to Europe into the service of Turkish mi-grations that would last for 900 years. The second Turkish tribe proving its existence and power in Europe was the Avars. The Avars, who started to flee westwards when the Göktürk State was founded in 552, first settled in Caucasia and the north of the Black Sea. Advancing westwards, they dwelled along the banks of the Danube after defeating the Sabirs and Onogurs, and carried out frequent raids on the Balkans. They dominated the area spanning from present-day Yugoslavia to Germany. They reigned over the Slavs along the banks of the Danube and the Bulgarians dwelling on the Black Sea coast. They laid siege to Ýstanbul in 626 together with the Bulgarian Turks, and advanced up to the Byzantine walls. The first Turks in history to besiege Ýstanbul were the Avars. After the Avars, The Khazars came into being in Europe. They established a powerful empire in the 7th and 10th centuries which extended from the Dnieper to the Ural River and from the mid-Volga valleys to Caucasia. The Khazars exercised great religious tole-rance on the people of various faiths living in the lands they dominated. A most significant role of the Khazars, who spoke Turkish as the most widespread language, was to name the Caspian Sea (Khazar Sea) after themselves. The Khazars' political existence as a state came to an end in 968. After the Khazars, the Turkish existence in Europe continued with the Pechenegs from the 10th century on. The Pechenegs, unable to withstand the pressure of the Khazar-Oghuz alliance, crossed the Volga and reached Hungary. They forced the Hungarians from their lands and settled there in the 880s. They spanned the steppes from the Don River to the west of the Volga. As they moved in 1091 to conquer Ýstanbul together with the Emir of Ýzmir, Çaka Bey, they suffered the bitterest defeat in their history in the bloody battle with the Byzantine-Cuman forces on the shores of the Meriç River (The Maritsa). Thus, the political life of the Pechenegs came to an end. With the Pechenegs receding from the stage of history, the first 700-year stage of the Turkish adventure in Europe also came to an end. The Turks would not be seen in Europe for the next 200 years.Turkish History in the Islamic Era
After the collapse of the Uygur State in 840, the Karakhanid State was founded. Islam was adopted as the official religion during the reign of Satuk Bugra Khan, the Karakhanid monarch. The foundations of the historical formation referred to as the Turkish-Islamic culture and civilization were laid down in this period. During the rule of the Karakhanids, a second Turkish state, the "Ghaznavid" State was founded (963-1187), its capital being Ghazna in Afghanistan. Mahmud of Ghazna, using the "Sultan"
La présence turque en Europe se poursuit avec les Petchénègues à partir du 10ème siècle. Ne pouvant résister plus longtemps aux pressions de l'alliance des Khazars Ouïgours, ils traversent la Volga et atteignent la Hongrie. Ils chassent les Hongrois et s'emparent de leurs territoires en 880, se propageant dans les steppes du fleuve Don à l'Ouest de la Volga. En 1091, les Petchénègues s'allient avec Çaka Bey, l'émir d'Ýzmir, pour conquérir Constantinople. Toutefois, ils subissent la défaite la plus écrasante de leur histoire face aux forces alliées de Byzance et de Couman dans une bataille sanglante qui se déroule dans les environs de Maritza. Cette défaite met fin à la vie politique des Petchénègues. La première étape de l'aventure turque en Europe, qui dure depuis 700 ans, s'achève ainsi avec leur retrait de la scène historique. Les Turcs disparaissent de l'Europe pour une période de 200 ans. L'histoire turque de la période islamique L'Etat ouïgour se désintègre en 840. Cet événement est suivi de la fondation de l'Etat des Karakhanides, qui se convertissent à l'islam sous le règne de Satuk Bughra Khan, jetant ainsi les bases des développements historiques que l'on appelle la culture et la civilisation turco-islamiques. Parallèlement à l'existence de l'Etat des Karakhanides, un second Etat est fondé sous le nom des "Ghaznévide The Turks and the First Turkish States The Turks are a national community merged under a language belonging to the Ural-Altaic linguistic group. They first stepped on the stage of history in the 7th century B.C. at the foot of the Köðmen Mountains. According to Chinese records, the political existence of the Turks in Asia commenced with the Huns (Xiongnu) in the 3rd century B.C. The Huns established a great empire under the reign of Mete Khan. Defeating the Mongols and the Yue-chis, they established control over the western gates of China and trade routes. After the collapse of the Asian Hun Empire, the Göktürk Empire was founded at the eastern foot of the Altai Mountains. The Göktürks employed the word "Türk" as an official state name for the first time. Bilge Khagan and Kül Tegin went down in history as the most sagacious and heroic figures of Turkish statesmanship. Both these khans and another Göktürk Khan, Tonyukuk, immortalized their accomplishments in texts, entitled the "Orkhun Inscriptions" and which are regarded as the first written documents in Turkish history. In 741, the Uygurs founded the third Turkish State in history after the Göktürks. However, they were dispersed as a result of a raid carried out by the Kyrgyz Turks in the capital.
The West Huns, the descendants of the Asian Huns dwelling in the Türkistan region close by Lake Aral, left their homeland due to the pressure from the Uars and migrated to the west of the Volga River. After Baþbuð (big chief) Balamir demolished the East Goths and launched assaults on the West Goths, the Visigoths fled westward in masses, with the Hun soldiers in pursuit. This is how the "Great Migration of Peoples" which changed the ethnic outlook of Europe had commenced, extending all the way to Spain and causing turmoil in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire. In 434, Attila took control of the West Hun Empire, known as the first Turkish state established in Europe. During Attila's reign, which put all of the barbarian tribes in Europe and even the Byzantine and West Roman empires into submission, the borders of the West Hun Empire extended over a vast area from the banks of the Rhine River to the Volga River. The West Huns paved the way to Europe for the Turks. The West Huns not only brought their culture and civilization to Europe but also protected the civilizations threatened by barbarian tribes. They put the route from Asia to Europe into the service of Turkish mi-grations that would last for 900 years. The second Turkish tribe proving its existence and power in Europe was the Avars. The Avars, who started to flee westwards when the Göktürk State was founded in 552, first settled in Caucasia and the north of the Black Sea. Advancing westwards, they dwelled along the banks of the Danube after defeating the Sabirs and Onogurs, and carried out frequent raids on the Balkans. They dominated the area spanning from present-day Yugoslavia to Germany. They reigned over the Slavs along the banks of the Danube and the Bulgarians dwelling on the Black Sea coast. They laid siege to Ýstanbul in 626 together with the Bulgarian Turks, and advanced up to the Byzantine walls. The first Turks in history to besiege Ýstanbul were the Avars. After the Avars, The Khazars came into being in Europe. They established a powerful empire in the 7th and 10th centuries which extended from the Dnieper to the Ural River and from the mid-Volga valleys to Caucasia. The Khazars exercised great religious tole-rance on the people of various faiths living in the lands they dominated. A most significant role of the Khazars, who spoke Turkish as the most widespread language, was to name the Caspian Sea (Khazar Sea) after themselves. The Khazars' political existence as a state came to an end in 968. After the Khazars, the Turkish existence in Europe continued with the Pechenegs from the 10th century on. The Pechenegs, unable to withstand the pressure of the Khazar-Oghuz alliance, crossed the Volga and reached Hungary. They forced the Hungarians from their lands and settled there in the 880s. They spanned the steppes from the Don River to the west of the Volga. As they moved in 1091 to conquer Ýstanbul together with the Emir of Ýzmir, Çaka Bey, they suffered the bitterest defeat in their history in the bloody battle with the Byzantine-Cuman forces on the shores of the Meriç River (The Maritsa). Thus, the political life of the Pechenegs came to an end. With the Pechenegs receding from the stage of history, the first 700-year stage of the Turkish adventure in Europe also came to an end. The Turks would not be seen in Europe for the next 200 years.Turkish History in the Islamic Era
After the collapse of the Uygur State in 840, the Karakhanid State was founded. Islam was adopted as the official religion during the reign of Satuk Bugra Khan, the Karakhanid monarch. The foundations of the historical formation referred to as the Turkish-Islamic culture and civilization were laid down in this period. During the rule of the Karakhanids, a second Turkish state, the "Ghaznavid" State was founded (963-1187), its capital being Ghazna in Afghanistan. Mahmud of Ghazna, using the "Sultan"