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EOKA Understanding that they will not fulfil the Enosis in a peaceful way, the Greek-Cypriots launched on April 1st 1955 the terrorist organisation "EOKA", created two years before. In a press release, the EOKA, which was under the commandment of Grivas, proclaim both Turks and British as enemies and their annihilation as EOKA' s goal. Thus, in the name of Enosis, many Turks and British were the victims of EOKA. The EOKA initiated secret negotiations on July 2nd 1952 in Athens under Makarios' presidency. In early 1954, with the awareness of the Greek government, a secret arms expedition to Cyprus began. Grivas, who himself was responsible for the assassination of many Turkish people, arrived clandestinely on the island on November 9th 1954 and EOKA came to light on April 1st 1955 when detonating its first bombs. The demonstrated goal of the EOKA was, in the first place, to drive the British out of Cyprus, then to annihilate the Turkish population and finally to unify Cyprus with Greece.
When the British discovered that Makarios was the political leader of EOKA, they arrested him on March 1956 and sent him in exile to the Seychelles. During the terrorist activity of the EOKA, its militants murdered not only hundreds of Turkish Cypriots but also some British and Greek Cypriots, and forced inhabitants of around 30 Turkish villages to flee when their villages had been burned down.
On August 1st 1956, the Turkish Cypriots founded TMT, the "Turkish-Cypriot Resistance Organisation" in order to defend itself against the increase of terrorism on the island. The TMT led successfully several actions against the attempts to unify Cyprus to Greece. To counter the increasing violence in Cyprus, the Governor of the island, Marshal Harding, attempted for his part, to reach an agreement with Makarios and the other Greek-Cypriots leaders on Self-government. However, this proposal was rejected by the Greek leaders Makarios and Kipriyanu, who then were arrested on their way to Athens and sent into exile. THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan proposed that Cyprus be governed jointly by Turkish and Greek Cypriots alongside Turkey, Greece and Britain. Although this proposal was rejected by Greece, MacMillan implemented his plan. In accordance with the MacMillan Plan, the Turkish representative took up office on the island on October 1st 1958, which forced the Greek to rejoin the negotiation table. The Turkish Prime Minister Menderes and his Greek counterpart Karamanlis laid the foundation of what became the Republic of Cyprus by signing on, 11 February 1959, the Zurich agreement. The Turkish and Greek-Cypriots then signed the London agreement on 19 February 1959 and following the ratification, on the basis of these agreements, of the Constitution of Cyprus, the Republic of Cyprus formed by the association of the Turkish and Greek communities was officially declared on 15-16 August 1959. As a result of this proclamation, Greece renounced Enosis and Turkey to the partition of the island. THE CONSTITUTION In accordance with the Constitution of Cyprus, formally signed during the ceremonial of April 6th 1960, in the island, there were two communities, that is, the Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities to carry on their peculiar characteristics. Makarios, who did not want to apply the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, recommended the termination of the rights given to Turks in the Constitution first and then cancellation of guarantee and alliance agreements. To make this accepted, he chose the time when the government in Turkey was in a crisis, Karamanlis lost power and Papandreou who did not recognize the London and Zurich Agreements, became Prime Minister. The "amendment" proposal of 13 articles aiming to reduce the Cypriot Turks to a status of "minority", which Archbishop Makarios submitted to Turkey on 30 November 1963, was rejected by Cypriot Turks immediately and by Turkey on 6 December 1963. Makarios prepared the constitutional amendment proposal, though was concerned that Turkey would reject it. So, he put his plans into effect to annihilate Turks and get hold of Cyprus. EOKA, which had 20,000 members and had been established to achieve this goal, was equipped with modern weaponry and prepared for action. It killed over 500 Turks, burning down 103 Turkish villages and forcing tens of thousands of Turks to migrate. EOKA then went by the name EOKA-B in the Sampson coup on 15 July 1974, and this time pointed its weapons at its own community, killing 2,000 Greek Cypriots.
Meanwhile, clashes continued in Cyprus. The coupists declared martial law, and soon captured Nicosia and Girne. Nikos Sampson announced that a "Hellenistic Republic" was founded in Cyprus and thus took a considerable step towards the path to "Enosis". THE TURKISH STRUGGLE Faced with the attempts by Greece and the Cypriot Greeks to perpetuate an ethnical cleansing against the Turks in Cyprus, Turkey fulfilled of her responsibilities towards her compatriots with a military intervention in Cyprus, thus ending eleven years of bloodshed. The Turkish intervention in Cyprus was conformed with the rights endowed to Turkey in the Guarantee Treaty signed in 1959 and which came into force in 1960, simultaneously with the creation of the Republic of Cyprus. This treaty which confers to Turkey, Greece and Britain the status of "guarantors" as indicated in Article 2: "Greece the United